Godwin's controversial claim for earthly immortality in the first edition of Political Justice has been largely dismissed by scholars as a flaw in his philosophy or as absurd speculation which Godwin cannily omitted from the later editions of the text. In this paper, I will demonstrate, not only that such claims were not nearly as idiosyncratic or eccentric as they have been presented, but that they constitute an intrinsic part of his overall philosophy regarding perfectibility and human progress. Moreover, by (...) examining the revisions made to Political Justice in the second and third editions, it will be possible to prove that the essence of his argument regarding material immortality was not as radically altered as is widely accepted. I will further show how the population controversy of the 18th century forced Godwin to apply his perfectibilist theory to contemporary demographic challenges and how he defended his concept of immortality from both the principle of population and, more particularly, Malthusian philosophy. (shrink)

Dialogues on memory (Philosophy) along with the text of Professor Paul Ricoeur's lecture on memory.

Study of the religious thoughts of Muḥammad Taqī Miṣbāḥ Yazdī on Islamic ethics, God and values.

Globalization; ethics and religion; ʻAbd al-Raḥmān, Ṭāhā; philosophy.

LIU Qingping’s criticism of Confucian teachings of filial piety, though valuable in stimulating critical attitude toward classic Confucianism, is largely based on misinterpreting Confucians as Kantians. The article tries to show that, unlike the Kantian rule-oriented ethic that provides universal ethical principles, Confucianism focuses on the process of person-making, and the teachings of classic Confucianism are more like gongfu instructions than moral principles. Looking from the gongfu perspective, Liu’s criticism becomes misdirected, if not irrelevant.

During the pandemic lockdown period, residents had to stay at home and increased stress and other mental health problems have been associated with the lockdown period. Since most public parks were closed, community parks within gated residential areas became the most important green space in Chinese cities, and the use of such space might help to reduce the residents’ stress levels. This study aimed to investigate to what extent urban residents in China used community parks, engaged in outdoor activity during (...) the lockdown period and if the use of such spaces helped to reduce their stress levels. An online questionnaire survey was carried out from 23 March to 23 April 2020. Ordinary Least Squares regression was used to analyse the association between community park use, outdoor activity, willingness to engage in outdoor activity, and stress level. All results have been further analysed by two-sampled t-test to explore the difference between young and old age groups. We found that the overall self-reported stress level of the respondents was relatively moderate during the lockdown period. Respondents had generally reduced their use of community parks and engagement in outdoor activity. There was no significant association between stress level and the use of community parks or the engagement in outdoor activities. However, we found that older people showed much lower stress levels, used community parks more frequently, and engaged in more outdoor activities than younger adults. The findings suggest that outdoor activities and spatial characteristics in urban China differ from Western studies and advance the need to integrate the stress management role of community parks with urban green space policy to optimise the use of community parks blended in with everyday life, particularly during the lockdown period. (shrink)

صدر عن المركز العربي للأبحاث ودراسة السياسات كتاب المولدي عزديني فلسفة القيم النقدية عند نيتشه: استشكال الإتيقا وسؤال النقد الجذري. يشتمل الكتاب على 380 صفحة، وقائمة ببليوغرافية، وفهرس عام. يسعى هذا الكتاب إلى دراسة طبيعة العلاقة بين "استشكال الإتيقا" (تأسيس حقل قيم نقدي متعلق بشكل الحياة الحرة، يقع في ما وراء الخير والشر، أي في ما وراء المفهوم التقليدي للأخلاق) من ناحية، و"سؤال النقد الجذري" (أي "الجينيالوجي") للمنظومة التقليدية للأخلاق من ناحية أخرى، ويحاول استكشاف ميدان "الإتيقا" بوصفه حقلًا مستقلًا من (...) المسائل مختلفًا عن فلسفة الأخلاق التقليدية. يقوم الكتاب على التحليل الداخلي للنصوص والانخراط في روح الفيلسوف، من أجل فهمه وشرح مفاهيمه وبسط أطروحاته، على نحو جامع، في كتابات فريدريش فيلهيلم نيتشه. وتتمثل قيمته البحثية المضافة، أيضًا، في تقديم عملٍ متكامل في مسألةٍ ظلَّ التطرق إليها باللغة العربية جزئيًّا فحسب. (shrink)

Portion of the ancient Hindu epic, on fundamentals of the Vedanta school in Hindu philosophy.

As an old and traditional beverage, tea has been an important part of people’s life in both China and the United Kingdom , and has respectively developed a unique culture in each of the two nations. Tea culture is an important part in culture of these two nations. In this paper, the author will first review 3 important aspects of the tea culture in China and the UK: history of tea, tea drinking customs and teasets, and then a conclusion about (...) the similarities and differences of Chinese and British tea culture will be drawn. (shrink)

Human beings’ moral life can be divided into two forms, one based on moral instincts and the other on moral judgments. The former is carried on without deliberation, while the latter relies upon valuations and judgments. The two can ultimately be viewed as man’s innate moral nature and acquired moral conventions. Theoretically, preference for the former will lead to naturalism and for the latter to culturalism, but this is the reality of man’s moral life. Moreover, there may be a parallel (...) relation between the moral structure of human life and the grammatical structure of human language. (shrink)

Tamil translation with original Sanskrit text on Śaktiviśiṣṭādvaitavedānta.

The paper tries to point out that while May Sim’s book is helpful for stimulating critical and systematic comparative study of Aristotle and Confucius, its overly Aristotelian approach results in the author’s misleading assessment of Confucius and Confucianism. Because Confucianism aims primarily at offering systematic instructions of how to live a good life, and not at establishing a theory or finding truth, the true value of Confucianism would be eclipsed if he is taken against an Aristotelian measure.

Pekakak adalah salah satu tokoh yang memiliki pengetahuan mendalam dan perencanaan yang cermat. Saat fajar menyingsing, ia terlihat bertengger di atas pohon. Dengan kemampuan sempurna untuk mengontrol kecepatan penerbangan miliknya, seperti kapan harus memperlambat atau mempercepat, dia dapat dengan mudah menghitung cara optimal untuk menangkap ikan. Ditambah pengalamannya menangani ikan di kolam, dia bisa tahu dari jauh mana ikan yang besar, kecil, gesit, atau kelam. Hanya dengan menangkap ikan pada saat yang paling tepat, dia bisa menghemat banyak waktu untuk merenungkan (...) hal-hal duniawi. Mengenal dirinya sendiri, Pekakak merencanakan setiap makanan sesuai seleranya dan, dengan demikian, melacak inventaris ikannya. Ikan kecil harus menunggu, dan ikan besar harus pergi. Dia perfeksionis, dia memperhitungkan segalanya. (shrink)

al-Shirwānī's glosses on Jurjānī's glosses on al-Urmawī's Maṭāliʻ al-anwār on Arabic logic.

In Husserls Auseinandersetzung mit dem Buddhismus in der Rezension ,,Über die Reden Gotamo Buddhas (1925) sowie in dem Manuskript ,,Sokrates-Buddha (1926) lassen sich wesentliche Eigenarten feststellen, die ihn von anderen wichtigen abendländischen Denkern der Gegenwart unterscheiden. Zwar verfügte Husserl sicher über eine eingeschränkte Kenntnis des Buddhismus und steht in dieser Hinsicht wahrscheinlich hinter Schopenhauer, Nietzsche, Bergson, Russell, Jaspers, Heidegger und Scheler zurück, welche dem orientalischen Denken durchaus näher stehen. Dennoch zeugt Husserls Bemühen umso mehr von einer respektvollen Haltung gegenüber dem (...) buddhistischen Denken, als seine Untersuchung frei vom Hochmut der wissenschaftlichen Vernunft bleibt und ganz von dem echten Willen zu einem besseren Verständnis der fremden Tradition getragen ist. (shrink)

Study on Sufism in view of philosophy and moderate Islamic scholars.

Background: Overnutrition, undernutrition, and micronutrient deficiency present a major global public health challenge due to food insecurity. Micronutrient deficiencies are prevalent among children and result in impaired intellectual growth. Policy guidelines at the national level are essential for the success of micronutrient supplementation programs for children during school feeding. Aim: This study aims to analyze how various national policies guiding the school meal programs—such as those related to school feeding, nutrition, health, food safety, agriculture, and the private sector—associate with the (...) implementation of in-school micronutrient supplementation among countries with school meals programs. Methods: The Bayesian Mindsponge Framework, combining the reasoning strengths of Mindsponge Theory and inference advantages of Bayesian analysis, was employed on a dataset of 126 government representatives who manage large-scale school meal programs in 126 different countries. Results: Findings showed that school feeding policies were positively associated with in-school micronutrient supplementation, while nutrition policy had a negative association with these practices. Both associations were only moderately reliable. Policies on health, food safety, agriculture, and the private sector had ambiguous relationships with micronutrient supplementation among countries implementing school meal programs. Conclusions: Findings highlight the evidence of school feeding policy’s positive association with micronutrient supplementation in school meal programs, indicating effective policy guidance on these practices. There is a need to re-assess the implemented nutrition policy due to its negative association with these practices. Enhancing and strengthening the national policies on health, food safety, agriculture, and the private sector may increase their potencies in supporting in-school micronutrient supplementation among countries implementing school meal programs. (shrink)

Background: Food fortification refers to the process of adding nutrients to foods during their production. It is a cost-effective strategy with well-documented health, economic, and social benefits. Food fortification practices in school meal programs need guidance and legal support from various national policies. Aim: This study aims to analyze how various national policies—such as those related to school feeding, nutrition, health, food safety, agriculture, and the private sector—associate with the implementation of in-school food fortification among countries with school meals programs. (...) Methods: The Bayesian Mindsponge Framework, combining the reasoning strengths of Mindsponge Theory and inference advantages of Bayesian analysis, was employed on a dataset of 126 government representatives who manage large-scale school meal programs in 126 different countries. Results: Findings showed that food safety policy and agriculture policy were positively and significantly associated with the in-school food fortification practices, while school feeding policy and private sector policy had ambiguous relationships with these practices. Nutrition policy and health policy had a significant negative association with food fortification practices among countries implementing school meal programs. Conclusions: Findings underscore the strong position of food safety policy and agriculture policy in guiding food fortification practices in school meal programs. There is a need to re-assess the implemented nutrition policy and health policy due to their significant negative associations with these practices. Enhancing and strengthening the school feeding policy and private sector policy may increase their potencies in giving positive impacts on in-school food fortification practices. (shrink)

本書從情感角度，探討先秦儒家對情感與人生方方面面關係的理解和經驗。全書共九章，提出更適合理解情感的一種詮釋進路：心靈現象的重新發現——以「個體的心靈向度」為核心關注。先秦儒家重情，認為情感是人生而具有 ，是人性本有的內涵，來源於天。在先秦儒家的理解和經驗中，人是有情的活物。.

Schizophrenia (SCZ) is a severe neurodevelopmental disorder affecting 1% of populations worldwide with a grave disability and socioeconomic burden. Current antipsychotic medications are effective treatments for positive symptoms, but poorly address negative symptoms and cognitive symptoms, warranting the development of better treatment options. Further understanding of SCZ pathogenesis is critical in these endeavors. Accumulating evidence has pointed to the role of mitochondria and metabolic dysregulation in SCZ pathogenesis. This review critically summarizes recent studies associating a compromised mitochondrial function with people (...) with SCZ, including postmortem studies, imaging studies, genetic studies, and induced pluripotent stem cell studies. This review also discusses animal models with mitochondrial dysfunction resulting in SCZ‐relevant neurobehavioral abnormalities, as well as restoration of mitochondrial function as potential therapeutic targets. Further understanding of mitochondrial dysfunction in SCZ may open the door to develop novel therapeutic strategies that can address the symptoms that cannot be adequately addressed by current antipsychotics alone. (shrink)

Background: Food insecurity condition challenges the availability of food, access to food, food supply stability, and food utilization. Food banks play a major role in the food aid sector by distributing donated and purchased groceries directly to food-insecure families, thus significantly impacting food insecurity. On the other hand, school meal programs are implemented in many countries to combat food insecurity among school-aged children. The synergy between school meal programs and food banks has a great potency to combat food insecurity among (...) children effectively. Aim: This study aims to examine the association between experts’ involvement—such as nutritionists, farmers, and private sectors—and community engagement, including parents and others, with the linkage between food banks and school meal programs among implementing countries. Methods: The Bayesian Mindsponge Framework, combining the reasoning strengths of Mindsponge Theory and inference advantages of Bayesian analysis, was employed on a dataset of 126 government representatives who manage large-scale school meal programs in 126 different countries. Results: Findings showed that the involvement of nutritionists and the private sector was positively associated with the linkage between food banks and school meal programs, while farmers’ involvement showed an ambiguous association. The engagement of parents and others also showed an ambiguous relationship with this linkage. Conclusions: Findings underscore the strong need to formulate strategies for increasing the involvement of nutritionists and the private sector to successfully link the food banks with school meal programs in implementing countries, which is crucial for effectively combating food insecurity among school-aged children. (shrink)

Through a systematic introduction of Confucius as a historical figure, a spiritual leader, a philosopher, a political reformer, an educator, and a person, this book offers a comprehensive, lucid, and in-depth articulation of Confucius and his teachings for Western students.